Which action is considered an ethical violation in research?

Data fabrication is considered an ethical violation in research because it involves the intentional invention and manipulation of research data to produce false results. This undermines the integrity of the scientific process, misleads other researchers, and can have serious consequences for public health, safety, and the advancement of knowledge. The trust placed in researchers and their findings is founded on the assumption that the data reported are accurate and honest. When data is fabricated, it violates the basic ethical principles of honesty and accountability in research.

In contrast, options such as thoroughly reviewing literature, collaborating with other researchers, and conducting peer reviews are all fundamental components of the responsible conduct of research. These practices promote transparency, foster collaboration, and ensure rigorous examination of research findings, thereby enhancing the overall quality of research and contributing to the advancement of knowledge.