What does falsification involve according to U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy?

Falsification, as defined by U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy, involves manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data in a way that leads to a distortion of the research record. This can include altering data to make results appear more favorable than they are, or selectively omitting data that doesn’t support a particular hypothesis or conclusion. Such actions seriously undermine the integrity of the research and violate ethical standards.

In contrast, other options describe different forms of misconduct. Taking credit for the ideas or statements of others pertains to plagiarism, which is a separate type of misconduct. Reporting unsubstantiated allegations of research misconduct involves issues of whistleblowing and responsibility, rather than falsification. Failing to report a conflict of interest relates to transparency and disclosure, again distinct from the definition of falsification. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for grasping the broader ethical implications in research practices.